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Chris Forde

Enterprises are looking for people who have multi-disciplinary skills. It can be challenging to find such people, more often it will be a team of people. In the context of BA, people should have a strong business domain understanding and strong architecture and leadership skills. The O-AA™ lists the following additional skills needed for today’s Enterprise Architects: "Enterprise Architecture in this context will become more like an internal management consultancy"  Strategic marketing and marketing research, User Experience (UX), Design thinking, Lean Product and Process Development (LPPD), Socio-technical systems, Organizational sociology, Operations strategy, Software architecture. Reference Chapter 4 of the O-AA.

企业正在寻找具有多学科技能的人才，寻找这样的人才具有挑战性，更多的时候此人才指代一个团队。在BA的背景下，人们应该有很强的业务领域理解能力和架构与领导能力。O-AA™列出了当今企业架构师所需的以下附加技能：“在这种情况下，企业架构将变得更像一个内部咨询管理角色”，集战略营销和营销研究、用户体验（UX）、设计思维、精益产品和过程开发（LPPD）、社会技术系统、组织社会学、运营战略、软件架构等内容于一体。请参考O-AA第4章（滚动在文末查看文件详情）。

Q：战略分析是企业架构的内容吗？

Chris Forde

Does the enterprise have a Strategy Development and Communication Mechanism? Does it have a Digital Strategy and does it know the Capabilities it needs to support that Strategy? You can review the publication W16CC Capability-Based Planning: The Link between Strategy and Enterprise Architecture.

企业是否具有战略发展和沟通机制？是否具有数字化战略？是否知道支持这一战略所需具备的能力？您可以查看W16CC基于能力的规划：战略与企业架构之间的联系（滚动在文末查看文件详情）

Q：请问，构建敏捷架构的前提条件是什么？要在构建了哪些基础架构后才能构建敏捷架构？

Chris Forde

正如在另一个答案中提到的，所有企业都有一个现有的架构，该架构可能没有被正式化或很好地理解。正统来讲，“敏捷”或其他架构关注的领域应该是为业务及其客户提供价值。所以第一个先决条件是理解这个价值主张。通过从价值产出中回溯，可以清楚地看到需要构建什么，需要为每个特定的公司和价值主张应用哪些架构技术。

Q：架构资产库包含什么？

Chris Forde

My reference is to The Open Group "Architecture Portfolio" the current product standards within that portfolio are TOGAF®, ArchiMate®, O-AA® and Commercial Aviation.

我所提及的是The Open Group的“架构资产库”，该资产库中的当前产品标准是TOGAF®、ArchiMate®、O-AA®和商用航空。

Q：老师，请问业务架构方法是否能够为业务人员所接受

Chris Forde

Business people by default create an implicit architecture for their Enterprise. They don't necessarily call that set of activities Business Architecture, However they do know and implement Value Chains/Streams, Strategies, Business Model, Operating Model, Capabilities, Processes, Organization, etc. When the discipline of an architected approach is communicated to business leaders they see the relationship to EA and value clearly. (See TOGAF BA Guides here)

默认情况下，业务人员在企业中自有一个隐式架构。他们不一定称之为业务架构，但他们知道并实施价值链/流、战略、业务模型、运营模式、能力、流程、组织等。当架构方法的原则被传达给业务主管时，他们会清楚地看到与EA和价值的关系。（参考TOGAF BA指南）

Q：目前敏捷开发流行，与企业架构是什么关系，如何互为补充？

林海龙

Hailong Lin

企业架构是一种为了实现业务目的到IT落地的方法，也可以应用到敏捷开发中，只是区别于传统瀑布式开发，敏捷开发要求快速的迭代，如果不运用企业架构方法，敏捷开发会陷入业务的迷区，就是被各种用户不同的需求所牵引，缺少方向性和总体性的愿景指导和创新牵引，解决方案是学会架构思考模式，在短迭代周期中应用。

Enterprise architecture is a method to land IT in order to achieve business purposes. It can also be applied to agile development, but it is different from traditional waterfall development. Agile development requires rapid iteration. If enterprise architecture methods are not used, agile development will fall into business puzzle area, driven by the different needs of various users, lacking directional and overall vision guidance and innovation traction. The solution is to learn to structure thinking mode and apply it in a short iterative cycle.

徐满洲

Manzhou Xu

Considering the elements provided by ArchiMate, the three architecture areas contain functional elements, namely business layer-business function, application layer-application function, technology layer-technical function (previously called infrastructure function); and for application layer-application Functions can be divided into logical functions and actual (physical) functions, including function-oriented application systems can also be divided into logical subsystems and physical subsystems, corresponding to the concepts of design and planning level and actual landing level; from the level of function itself In other words, the function can be divided into levels according to the granularity. L0, L1, L2, L3, etc., the description of the architecture level should not be too detailed, and the hierarchical structure should not be too much, usually 3 layers can describe most of the content.

Q：如何做领域划分和建模？如何通过建模来指导实践

程燕

Yan Cheng

建模是架构实施的捷径，是指导实践的手段，但如果本身没有架构治理的机制和规则，可能也无法将架构设计结果与实践结果对应起来。关于建模，个人经验看，从技术角度看主要是这三步：一是要采用Archimate或在此基础上定制出企业适用的元模型，并进一步定义企业适用、好用的模型类型；二是建立模型数据准确和一致的保证方法，三就是分散建模、集中管理，并支持各种分析了。

Modeling is a shortcut for architecture implementation and a means to guide practice. However, if there is no mechanism and rules for architecture governance, it may not be possible to match the results of architecture design with the results of practice. Regarding modeling, from personal experience, from a technical point of view, there are mainly three steps: one is to adopt Archimate or customize a meta-model for the enterprise on this basis, and to further define the type of model that is applicable and easy to use for the enterprise; Establish a method to ensure the accuracy and consistency of model data. The third is to decentralize modeling, centralized management, and support various analyses.

Q：数字化转型的重点领域有哪些？

贾建国

Jianguo Jia

因不同的组织侧重的战略和业务的重点有所区别，所以不能一概而论。数字化转型的重点领域要与组织的战略保持一致，例如：侧重营销的组织，在提高客户体验、KYC（了解你的客户）、客户分析与标签、智能客户服务与支持等，将会被优先识别为重点领域。

Because different organizations focus on different strategies and business priorities, so it should be considered differently. Key areas of digital transformation should be aligned with the organization's strategy. For example, organizations focused on marketing will be identified as key areas in improving customer experience, KYC (know your customers), customer analysis and tagging, intelligent customer service and support, etc.

Q：业务架构的学习，业务人员如何获得和学习？

付晓岩

Xiaoyan Fu

Through some TOGAF training, you can get a basic understanding, and then combine your own company's practice to improve, and constantly adapt to your own practice. The learning of business personnel needs to transform the training method within the company and gradually promote it. The business architecture has been paid little attention before and should get more attention. In terms of training methods, we need to learn from some existing training and gradually transform them into internal training courses that incorporate the company’s own practical best experience.

Q：老师提到了企业可以参照TOGAF等标准助力数字化转型，随着现在技术日新月异，TOGAF作为一个经典的企业架构标准和框架，我是否有必要担心其是否与时俱进？

彭斐

Fei Peng

TOGAF在2018年发布了9.2版本。TOGAF中提到的四类架构，包括业务架构、数据架构、应用架构、技术架构等，对于各类企业还是具有重要参考作用的，帮助企业从战略和业务逐层落实，到技术架构和解决方案以及实施。如今的技术革新可以说是日新月异，一方面认为技术为企业战略和业务服务，另一方面技术推动企业战略和业务的革新，所以TOGFAF是与时俱进的。此外，The Open Group近年来也大力推广其他标准，各有其偏重，从业者可以进行广泛了解，并从中提取对自身企业和业务有帮助的内容。根据知名咨询公司的统计，数字化转型的举措有70%都未能达到其预期的效果，所以参照标准和方法论是有重要意义的。

TOGAF version 9.2 was released in 2018. The four types of architectures mentioned in TOGAF, including business architecture, data architecture, application architecture, and technical architecture, etc., are still important references for all kinds of enterprises to help them implement from strategy and business layer by layer to technical architecture and solutions and implementation. Technological innovation develops rapidly today. On one hand, we believe that technology serves enterprise strategy and business; on the other hand, technology promotes the innovation of enterprise strategy and business.  In addition, The Open Group has been promoting other standards in recent years, each with its own particular focus, which allows practitioners to gain a broad understanding and extract content that is helpful to their business. According to statistics from well-known consulting firms, 70% of digital transformation initiatives fail to achieve their expected results, so it is important to refer to standards and methodologies.

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